Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. This is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant. Morphine was first isolated between 18 by German pharmacist Friedrich SertГјrner. Caution is advised for use of morphine during pregnancy or breast feeding, as it may affect the health of the baby. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur. Morphine is addictive and prone to abuse. Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, nausea, and low blood pressure. Long-acting formulations of morphine are available as MS-Contin, Kadian, and other brand names as well as generically. Its maximum effect is reached after about 20В minutes when administered intravenously and 60В minutes when administered by mouth, while the duration of its effect is 3вЂ“7В hours. Morphine can be administered by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injection under the skin, intravenously, injection into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, and during labor.

Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate family that is found naturally in a dark brown, resinous form, from the poppy plant ( Papaver somniferum).

Stronger pain medication